Learn How to Conjugate the Verb Corriger (to Correct)

In French, you will use the verb  corriger  for to correct. When you want to say correcting or corrected, a verb conjugation is required and this lesson will walk you through that. Conjugating the French Verb  Corriger Verb conjugations are required to express whether the action happens in the past, present or future. In English, we use -ing and -ed endings, but its a bit more complicated in French. This is because the verb changes with the subject pronoun as well as the tense. Corriger  is a  spelling change verb  and that makes it a tricky one, particularly when writing it. While the pronunciation remains the same, you will notice that a few of these conjugations change the   -ge-  to -gi-. This is done in -ger  verbs to retain the proper G sound. Use the table to study the various conjugations of  corriger. You will match the subject pronoun -- the  je, tu, nous, etc. -- with the present, future, or imperfect past tense. For instance, I am correcting is je corrige and we will correct is nous corrigerons. Subject Present Future Imperfect je corrige corrigerai corrigeais tu corriges corrigeras corrigeais il corrige corrigera corrigeait nous corrigeons corrigerons corrigions vous corrigez corrigerez corrigiez ils corrigent corrigeront corrigeaient The Present Participle of  Corriger To form the  present participle  of corriger, -ant  is added to the verb stem. This produces  corrigeant  and it works as an adjective, gerund, or noun as well as a verb. Corrigers Past Participle and Passà © Composà © The  passà © composà ©Ã‚  is a familiar way to express the past tense of corrected. To use this, you must first conjugate  avoir, which is an  auxiliary, or helping verb.  The  past participle  corrigà ©Ã‚  is then added to complete the phrase. For instance, I corrected is jai corrigà © and we corrected is nous avons corrigà ©. Notice how  ai  and  avons  are conjugates of  avoir  and that the past participle does not change. More Simple  Corriger  Conjugations to Learn Beginning French students should concentrate on the past, present, and future verb forms of  corriger. There may, however, be instances when one of the following conjugations is necessary. The subjunctive verb mood is used when the action is uncertain or subjective. Likewise, the conditional verb mood is reserved for those times when the action may or may not happen because its dependent on something.   Its likely that you will not use the passà © simple because it tends to be used in formal French writing. However, you should be able to recognize and associate it with  corriger. The same can be said of the imperfect subjunctive form. Subject Subjunctive Conditional Pass Simple Imperfect Subjunctive je corrige corrigerais corrigeai corrigeasse tu corriges corrigerais corrigeas corrigeasses il corrige corrigerait corrigea corriget nous corrigions corrigerions corrigemes corrigeassions vous corrigiez corrigeriez corrigetes corrigeassiez ils corrigent corrigeraient corrigrent corrigeassent The imperative verb form may be useful as well. This is used in short and often direct commands or requests. When using the imperative, the subject pronoun is not required, so you can say corrige rather than tu corrige. Imperative (tu) corrige (nous) corrigeons (vous) corrigez

Discussion Board Reply Example

Essays on Discussion Board Reply Coursework DISCUSSION BOARD REPLY al Affiliation) mate thread on Taguchi Method The mate found the method Taguchi developed to be interesting in that he challenged the traditional approach in design of experiment by claiming that the design stage is where the most of the quality of products and services is determined.The main advantage of the method as brought out by the classmate in discussion is worth considered as it emphasizes on the mean performance characteristic values, which are close to the target instead of a value that is within specified limits. This makes the method improve the quality of product. The method hence becomes easy to apply in most engineering situations (Wu Wu, 2000). There are disadvantages of Taguchi method that were not considered by the classmate in giving out views. The main disadvantage of the method; results obtained are only considered relative and do not indicate exactly show the parameters that has the highest effect on the performance characteristic value w as not considered by the classmate. The method that was chosen also does not test all the combinations that the variables have due to orthogonal values. The method has also been seen to have a limitation of being offline and this makes it inappropriate for the processes that are always changing such as simulation studies (Harris, 2008). The difficulty that was brought about by the classmate was right as Taguchi methods have been criticized by users in literature difficulty that it has on accounting for interaction between the parameters. The method mainly focuses on designing quality rather that making correction on qualities that are poor. This makes them applied at early stages of development processes (Bendell, 2009). The hybrid approach provided the decision makers with the risks and benefits associated with selecting a supplier. The risk and benefit factors are then analyzed to determine relative importance and are used to compute a score.ReferencesBendell, T. (2009). Taguchi m ethods. London [England]: Elsevier Applied Science.Harris, N. (2008). Special issue on Taguchi methods. Chichester, Sussex, England: Wiley Sons.Wu, Y., Wu, A. (2000). Taguchi Methods for robust design. New York: ASME Press.

Special Education for Disabilities Free Essays

Disabilities affect every race, culture, sex, and religion. It is non-discriminatory. Almost everyone can think of someone they have come into contact with or are related to that has a disability, and we can all think of some torment or discrimination that has affected their life. We will write a custom essay sample on Special Education for Disabilities or any similar topic only for you Order Now Asylum, prison, basement, attic Sorry, allowed to exist but only as outcasts. Became a part of society but were not encouraged or allowed to participate in an attempt to gain their independence. Bill of right for disabled people-laws at the federal level Qualified Handicapped individual- a person who with reasonable accommodations can perform the essential functions as required for employment or education. Architectural Transportation Barrier Compliance Board Established legal channels to handle this Lead to Americans with Disabilities Act Moved to include State and Local Govt. Ensure a free and appropriate education Ensure and access effectiveness of the program Defines who provides services needed Today we have laws and they are enforced by strict guidelines. Our society as a whole accepts and allows for inclusion although some individuals still look down on special individuals and poke fun at them. Through education and exposure it is hoped that all of society will view each other as equal and unite. The greatest injustice to any individual is treating everyone the same. Everyone is an individual and should be treated in a way that recognizes their individuality and should be provided all the supports needed for them to gain and maintain independence and equality without discrimination. How to cite Special Education for Disabilities, Papers

Fair Trade in Contemporary Britain

Question: Discuss about the Fair Trade in Contemporary Britain. Answer: Introduction: Oxfam provides their charitable services in North America, West Africa, LAC, Western Europe, HECA, Pacific, Asia and MEMAG--EEFSU with millions of direct beneficiaries for each individual nation (Oxfam.org, 2017). In recent time, Oxfam is actively working with the 323 projects of gender justice, 806 projects of sustainable food natural resources along with 238 projects for financing for development (Oxfam.org, 2017). This enhances their market share and popularity in nation. The major competitors of Oxfam in Australia are- Vision Australia and Habitat for humanity Australia. Moreover, for effective reason of providing justice to all the people and hence it provide motivation towards the brand. In context with their online competitions, Amazon, eBay and Hive are competitors (Anderson, 2015). Brief of Customer Profile Oxfam is an independent registered as a charity organization that provides well-being to the community people. Their customers are local shops and companies, who intends to sell their products and schools, where they can serve their book-wraps and books. Moreover, catering industries are also their customers for marketing of their food and beverages (Oxfamfairtrade.be, 2017). Their current strategy is to work collaboratively with private sector. Moreover, partnership with effective national and local government is also an effective strategy for Oxfam. Their initiatives towards the Smallholder Supply Chains and Enterprise Development Programme (EDP) are some positive outcome of their strategy (Oxfam Policy Practice, 2017) Anderson (2015) defines that improvements of advertising media will be a great opportunity as it will provide brand recognition to Oxfam. They also have opportunity for leverage upon its core values with large audience. As mentioned above, Oxfams greatest strength is their diversified projects and products ranges that are available at affordable price range. Strategy Formulation for customer The segmentation are the people, who desired to but hand-crafter home decoration items. Oxfam also provides Music--Toys, kitchen products, hand-made beverages, fashionable apparels along with gift cards and paper wraps (Nickel, 2016). Oxfam targets only price sensitive people who loves hand-crafted objects are available in lower cost (Anderson, 2015). They also target community people, who desire to offer some products for the betterment of the organization. In recent times, they have global identity in 12 nations for their unique work of retailing along with charitable work (Oxfam.org, 2017). However, they intend to position through Low-Price Strategy and efficient distribution strategies so that they can expand their business across the world. Reference List Anderson, M. (2015). Oxfam Helping by Selling: Charity, Trade and Advocacy. InA History of Fair Trade in Contemporary Britain(pp. 23-43). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Become a customer. (2017).Oxfamfairtrade.be. Retrieved 21 January 2017, from https://www.oxfamfairtrade.be/become-a-customer Nickel, P. M. (2016). Thrift Shop Philanthropy Charity, Value, and Ascetic Rehabilitation.Cultural Politics,12(2), 173-189. Private sector | Oxfam GB | Policy Practice. (2017).Oxfam Policy Practice. Retrieved 21 January 2017, from https://policy-practice.oxfam.org.uk/our-approach/private-sector#af3c4dc6-0b34-461b-8441-6a806ff1f1df www.oxfam.org/sites. (2017).oxfam.org. Retrieved 21 January 2017, from https://www.oxfam.org/sites/www.oxfam.org/files/file_attachments/story/oxfam

Selena Perez Essays - Selena, Chris Prez, Dreaming Of You

Selena Perez Imagine what it would be like to grow up as a performer in a world that didn't even except female Tejano singers? Can you imagine how much courage and work it would take to make it to the top? That's was Selena Quintanilla Perez had to go through. Selena was born in Lake Jackson, Texas on April 6th, 1971 to Abraham and Marcella Quintanilla. Abraham was a shipping clerk for a chemical company and Marcella was a housewife. Abraham being a well respected Mexican musician, who only sang English songs, and had his career ruined because of that. American people didn't respect him because he was Mexican, and the Mexican people did not respect them because they sang English songs. By the time Selena reached age 10, it became very obvious that Selena was a natural born performer and that she had a great amount of singing talent. Abraham decided to start a band, he was afraid that the same thing would happen to her, so he decided to teach her some Spanish songs, but one problem, Selena only knew how to speak English, so Selena went on with most of her life not even knowing what the words meant that she was singing. Well in order to start the band they would need more then Selena so Abraham made Abraham III (nicknamed A.B.) her older brother, and Suzette, her older sister. A.B. already knowing the drums, Suzette already knowing the drum, and Selena having an awesome voice started their band, "Selena Y Los Dinos". They started practicing together and performer a little. In 1980, Abraham and Marcella opened up a Mexican restaurant. At first business was booming, Abraham even had to quit his shipping clerk job to devote his full time and attention to the restaurant. Unfortunatly after the Texas Oil Bust of 1981, the restaurant went bankrupt and had to be shut down. So Abraham bought a bus and "Selena Y Los Dinos" began to tour the Texas countryside. At age 13 Selena had to leave 8th grade and start taking high school correspondence courses by mail. Selena sang almost exclusively Spanish. She sang a Tex-Mex pop called Tejano. They made there first recording in 1984, slowly people started to notice and love Selena, but by her being a female Tejano performer, no one thought she would actually last, because the Tejano industry of music was ruled over by men, and although many women had tried, they rarely made it to stardom. Little did they know that "Selena Y Los Dinos" would climb the charts and end up being the top Tejano band in the country. It was in 1987, that they really started to make it to the top. All the recording and touring throughout the 80's finally paid off, because in 1987 "Selena y Los Dinos" came to national attention, when Selena won a Tejano Music Award for Female Vocalist and Performer of the Year. It was a great accomplishment for a 15 year old girl. Until then the two categories didn't even exist. Her fame was definitely being brought to the Latino communities, but Selena wanted more. In 1989, Selena and her band were signed to EMI, also known as Capitol Records, releasing there album a year later. Over the next few years Selena became one of the most popular Tejano Performers. In 1992, Selena and her lead guitarist Chris Perez eloped, after her father had forbid for them to see each other. Her family later welcomed him into the family with open arms. In 1994, Selena's first mainstream exposure came in, she played a singer in the 1993 film Don Juan DeMarco. Also in 1994 she won a Grammy for "Best Mexican/American Album" for her album "Selena: Live". It was her first time ever being nominated for a Grammy. Also, later that year she opened "Selena Ect." Two fashion boutiques located in Texas. Her outstanding success, concerts, and now boutiques attracted many fans, including Yolanda Salvidar, who would have a big effect on Selenas life later on. Toward the very end of 1994 Selena signed a major world wide English- language crossover album recording contract. "Dreaming of You" was released in February 1995. With sales booming and Selena holding a record breaking concert at the Houston Astrodome where over 61,000 fans attended, there was no thought in anyone's head that anything could stop Selena. And then tragedy struck... After the record-breaking concert, Selena and her father came to realize that Yolanda Salvidar, who was now her fan club president,

Science- Biology Practical Urine

Science- Biology Practical Urine Aim: To establish if the kidneys that produce each sample was either:1.Healthy2.diabetic3.dehydrated4.kidney deseasedPrediction:As we saw the samples given to us on the table we already saw that sample D looked obviously very different from the others, it bubbled and had froth and the colour was lighter than the oher 3. As we went over and smelled each one we found out that sample B smelled quite sweet compared to the others. We also know that the urine a healthy kidney produced has no sugar, no protein and has little salt. The urine produced from a diabetic kidney has no protein, more sugar and little salt. The urine produced from a dehydrated kidney has more salt, no sugar and protein and it is more concentrated, this doesn't mean it is an unhealthy kidney. A Kidney disease will show in the urine as it has more protein, little salt and little sugar.HÃ ¶karpanna

English literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

English literature - Essay Example n Frankenstein there seems to be a continuous struggle for the women characters however the author appears to be very specific in considering independence for women, in the sense not woman character is likely to decide and act independently like that of Jane Eyre. There remains lack of action from the part of women characters, where as in Jane Eyre women characters take the leading as well as challenging position representing their presence in the novel as active. â€Å"However, the passive nature of the female characters adheres more closely to what would typically be expected of them, as both Elizabeth and Frankensteins mother are portrayed as wonderful but nevertheless altogether dependent on the men for provision. It is possible that Shelley felt that too many radical positions in the book might alienate the very audience she was attempting to influence,† observes Shader [2002]. There is one final female character in the book. Frankensteins servant Justine, who is possibly the ideal picture of women in the book. However, the character of Justine has been criticised only as a failure. Elizabeth describes her "softness and winning mildness", while Frankenstein calls her "frank-hearted and happy." It is interesting to note that one woman praises another for her passiveness, and indeed, it is this passive nature that is typical of women in the book and particularly prominent in Justine. Even in the face of the greatest injustice, Justine submits to the judicial system, saying, "I must be condemned, although I would pledge my salvation on my innocence. Shader [2002] â€Å"Another pattern that both Anne Mellor in "The Female in Frankenstein" and William Veeder in "Frankenstein: Self-Division and Projection" discuss is that of name symbolism, which reinforces Victor Frankensteins hubris in trying to eliminate the female as he attempts to win eternal fame as the founder of a new line of superhuman. Instead of submitting himself to the will of the community and the

Discuss how Neil Gaiman's 'The Graveyard Book' (winner of the uk Essay

Discuss how Neil Gaiman's 'The Graveyard Book' (winner of the uk carneagie prize) along with Louisa m Alcott's 'Little Woman' an - Essay Example In looking at three novels from three different time periods, the examples of how children’s literature have both evolved and stayed surprisingly the same can be appreciated. Little Women by Louisa May Alcott provided a template for society during the 19th century, the efforts of the sisters in her story framed by the social construction that defined the culture of the time. In Swallows and Amazons, by Arthur Ransome, the stories are based upon the adventures of children as two groups meet and interact, one group in a dinghy named Swallow, and the other group in a dinghy named Amazon. The stories were written in the early 20th century creating a reflection of the moral discourse and the nature of perceived childhood of the time period. The last novel, The Graveyard Book, written by Neil Gaiman, was published in 2008 and reflects the darker aesthetics that have emerged in the last decade. The three novels provide rich insight into the changing nature of children’s litera ture, while also providing context for the similarities that exist within the genre that have transcended time. Childhood and Children’s Literature The history of children’s literature is long and filled with imaginative methods in which the world was interpreted for the younger mind. Through stories that granted a message of morals, ethics, politics, sexuality, gender, or social construction, children have been instructed on how to understand many of the complex issues of life. According to Lerer (2008, p. 1), â€Å"The history of children’s literature is inseparable from the history of childhood, for the child was made through texts and tales he or she studied, heard, and told back†. The nature of children’s literature is within its ability to transform thought, to define a topic that will influence the way in which that topic is experienced and framed by the child who has been exposed something specific within a story. Stories provide context fo r the many experiences that seem too large or beyond the scope of a child’s ability to comprehend. A story can break something into smaller pieces that will be more easily digested, thus creating a broader and more developed understanding. Childhood has been framed throughout history, although its modern concept is a relatively new idea. Furthering the nature of modern childhood, the child is now considered for investment, through both economic and emotional considerations that in previous societies were not nurtured. Children became important as they proved their importance. Marx Wartofsky, a twentieth century philosopher, stated that a child is â€Å" what they are taken to be by others and what they come to take themselves to be, in the course of their social communication and interaction with others† (Lerer 2008, p. 2). Therefore, the way in which the communication between literature and the child is developed is through the nature of the social connection that is made between society and childhood. As children rose in viability as a consumerist segment of society for which advertisers could focus their wares, the nature of engaging the imagination began to evolve to a higher level. Stories such as Rudyard Kipling’s Jungle Book, J. M. Barrie’s Peter Pan, and Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll are were conceived in that late 19th century time period as

Ethical Decision Making Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ethical Decision Making - Assignment Example e Board of the basis of my decision so that such decision will not be questioned in the implementation that could aggrieved the family of Richard Adessi further. Such decision will be more beneficial for the company in the long run. Such decision will surely be known among employees and will also boost the morale of the employees in the company by witnessing how considerate IBM in taking care of its employees. This will result in higher retention and lower turnover. Employee satisfaction could also rise leading to higher productivity among employees. The difference in cost could easily be defrayed by the advantage and benefits that IBM will reap by having happy and satisfied employees. One does not have to be technical in rules to be ethical but has to consider the whole picture as well as the implication of the decision to come up with an ethical decision which in this case is to be considerate with Richard Agassi who died four months shy of his 30th anniversary with the

Clinical Applications of Cone Beam Computed Tomography

Clinical Applications of Cone Beam Computed Tomography Abstract The present article evaluates various clinical applications of Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT). Among scientific articles, a research was conducted by PubMed on dental application of CBCT, containing many articles in general, among which most of them were clinically about dentistry and its related analyses. Different functionalities of CBCT, including oral and maxillofacial surgery, root treatment, implantology, orthodontics, temporomandibular joint dysfunction, periodontics, and forensic dentistry have been indicated in a study. This review article illustrates that different CBCT indicators have been used concerning the need for certain discipline of dentistry and the kind of conducted procedure. Introduction Two-dimensional imaging techniques in dentistry have been employed since the first intraoral radiography was created in 1896. Since then, dental imaging techniques have evolved by the advent of tomography and panoramic imaging. While tomography makes it possible to divide the desired levels from an X-ray range, panoramic imaging provides a comprehensive observable image of maxillofacial structures(1). Recent developments of digital diagnostic imaging has been dealing with lower radiation doses and faster processing times, without affecting the diagnostic quality of intraoral and panoramic images. Two-dimensional images, however, have their own natural limitations (including enlargement, distortion, and folding images), which cause the structures to appear erroneously(1). Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) is capable of producing 3D images, which leads to effective diagnosis, treatment, and further advances. By introducing dent alveolar imaging in 1998, CBCT could produce lower-cost and lower absorbed dose 3D data in comparison to conventional CT(2). CBCT imaging technique is based on a cone-beam X-ray, gathered on a two-dimensional recognizer, with the privilege of achieving more radiation. In contrast to the conventional CT, a parallel change from the recognizer system is not required during the spinning, which brings about a more efficient use of tube power(3). Being compared with the resultant slideshow images of the conventional CT, the cone shaped radiation spins around a certain object once (in this case was the patients head and neck) and is capable of producing hundreds of 2D images from a certain anatomical volume(4). Then, using different kinds of algorithms that are made by the Feldkamp in 1994, the images are reconstructed in a 3D observable data set(5). Compared to a common 2D radiography, CBCT has various advantages, including no folded images, measuring ratio of 1:1, no geometric distortion, and 3D demonstration. It is worth mentioning that, by using a relatively low ionic radiation, CBCT provides a 3D representation from hard tissues along with little information from soft tissues(6). Common CT systems have similar advantages (in addition to providing information on soft tissues), however, they create the image call with higher levels of ionic radiation and longer scanning time. In total, larger CT units will cause them to be a weak alternative for the Dental offices(7). Applications in oral and maxillofacialsurgery The resultant 3D CBCT images have been used to investigate the right place and the maxillofacial pathology area, as well as assessing the final impact or the additional tooth and its link with vital structures(8-23). These images have been utilized to look into the bone graft space, before and after the surgery and osteonecrosis of the jaw changes (such as those who were exposed to bisphosphonates), as well as the pathology and/or paranasal sinus defect(24-28). Moreover, CBCT technology was applied to assess patients with obstructive sleep apnea to adopt an appropriate surgery method (if required)(29). Since CBCT units were available extensively, dentists have made use of this technique increasingly to investigate maxillofacial injuries. In addition to preventing form folded images, which appear in panoramic images, CBCT made it possible to precisely measure the surface intervals, as well(30, 31). This distinct advantage caused CBCT to become an established method for the evaluation and management of mid-face lesions and orbital fractures, assessment of fracture, observation of maxillofacial bones engaged in surgery, and routing during operation along the processes that are related to gunshot(32-37). CBCT is widely used in orthognathic (orthodontic surgery) and orthmorphic surgeries, in a way that the details of intraocclusalrelationships and the display of tooth surface are vital for adding a 3D skull model. Using advanced software, CBCT made it possible to slightly observe the soft tissues and enable the dentists to control posttreatment beauty, as well as assessing the outline of lips and bone area of the palate in patients with palatal split(38-43). Applications in root treatment While several studies have shown that high contrast CBCT images could be used to distinguish between apical granuloma and apical cysts with measuring dental trauma, yet CBCT imaging is an applicable tool for the diagnosis of periapical injuries(44-46). Other scholars use CBCT as a useful tool to classify the origin of damages, including root or non-root origin, which indicates another period of the treatment(47). The reliability of theses labels (root or non-root) are doubtful. Consequently, they are the foundation of demand on (more) non-invasive techniques for the diagnosis of damages that are usually detected through non-invasive processes. Several clinical sample reports have concentrated on using high resolution CBCT images to diagnose the vertical fractures of the root(45, 46, 48, 49). CBCT is considered a salient technique for periapical radiographs in diagnosing root vertical fractures, measurement of dentin fracture depth, and detecting the root vertical fracture(50, 51). CBCT imaging has made the early diagnosis of inflammatory root resorption possible, which is slightly detectable by 2D radiography(52, 53). As well as detecting the root and cervical root resorption (internal and external), CBCT is also capable of recognizing the extent and progress of the injury(54-58). CBCT could be used to identify the number and morphogenesis of roots and their related canals (both main and supplementary), and also determine the functional length, type, and angle size(54-56). CBCT performs a more accurate evaluation of root canal resorption than 2D imaging(48). It also applies in identifying the extent of pulp in talon cusp and the position of damaged tools(59, 60). Due to its simplicity and precision, CBCT is utilized in canal preparation with different tool techniques, as well(61, 62). CBCT is a pre-operation tool for figuring out the proximity of tooth to the adjacent vital structures, make the surface anatomy right size and cause extent determination to become possible(63-65). In emergency cases after the injury, in which it is vital to recognize the desired tooth status, CBCT images could help dentistry with a selection of the best treatment methods(66, 67). Applications in dental implants As the need for dental implant, as an alternative to the lost tooth, increased helping the treatment plan and avoiding the damage to vital adjacent surfaces during the operation requires for a technique to get the right cavity and measure the position of implant. Previously, such measurement was generally provided by 2D radiographs (in special cases) that was obtained through conventional CTs. CBCT, however, is an appropriate option for dental implant, which in comparison with 2D images, provides more precision in measurement and lower radiation dose at the same time(68-80). The new software lowers the chance of improper settling of accessories and damaged anatomic structures(81-84). CBCT decreases the implant failure by providing information on bone density and cavity shapes, as well as the height and width of the proposed implanting space for patient(85, 86). CBCT does not calculate the Hounsfield scale accurately; hence, the number of bone density through this technique could not be vertical through a group of CBCT units or patients. However, the effect of CBCT in measuring and evaluating the cavity shapes has brought about the selected improvements. By a prior notice about the complications, which could occur during a proposed treatment, the plan can be designed in a way that resolves them or results in an alternative treatment. CBCT is usually used in post-operation evaluation to assess the bone graft and implant position in the cavity(79). Orthodontics applications Orthodontics, in introducing qualitative software of evaluation such as Dolphin (Dolphin ]maging Management Solutions) and In Vivo Dental (Anatomage), enables the dentists to fully exploit the CBCT images for cephalometric analysis. Moreover, it is an appropriate tool for investigating the amount of facial growth, age, function of respiratory tract, and disrupting the destruction of tooth(87-92). CBCT is a reliable tool to evaluate the amount of damaged tooth proximity to the vital structure, which could interrupt the orthodontic procedure(93, 94). When the mini-implant[1] is required as a temporary holder, CBCT provides the observable guidelines for accurate and safe installation and thus, accidental and fatal injuries could be avoided(95-97). Accordingly, the evaluation of bone density before, during, and after the treatment indicates that whether or not the injury has decreased or remained unchanged(98, 99). CBCT illustrates different aspects of maxillofacial complications in one scan. In addition to 3D structure of skeleton bones, it enables the dentist to access anterior, crowns, and axial images. These images could be turned to allow the dentist to observe patterns and various angles of the image, including those that are not available in 2D radiography(100, 101). CBCT images are capable of auto-correction for enlargements and creating vertical images by measurement ratio of 1:1. Consequently, CBCT is more accurate than panoramic and conventional 2D images(102). Applications in TMJ disorders TMJ (temporomandibular joints) diagnostic images are vital for to accurately detect diseases and joints malfunction. According to Tsiklakis et al., though CT is easily available, it is not prevalent in dentistry due to high required costs and doses. Examining the right linking space and position of condyle in the cavity has been made possible by CBCT, which is a tool for showing probable dislocation in a connecting disk(103). CBCT precision and lack of folded images make the measurement of the roof of the glenoid fossa and observation of soft tissue around TMJ possible, which can provide a practical diagnosis and eliminate the need for MRI(104-106). According to Tsiklakis et al., MRI â€Å"is one of the most useful tests since it provides images from both soft and bone tissues†(103). While MRI is recommended for evaluation of TMJ soft tissues, CBCT has lower radiation dose. However, it is emphasized that CBCT technique, unlike CT and MRI, does not reveal the details of soft tissues. The aforementioned advantages made the CBCT the best imaging tool for incurred injuries, fibrous ankylosis, pain, dysfunction, cortex erosion of Cortical condyle, and cyst(107-109). Applications in periodontics As Vandenberghe et al. believe, 2D radiography is the most prevalent imaging used in the bone morphology, such as a defect in periodontal bones. The limitations of 2D radiography, as a result of probable errors and misconceptions in indentifying reliable reference anatomic points, forced dentists to estimate the amount of lost or existing bone(110). These findings approve the observations achieved by Misch, in which the 2D radiography is for identification of alterations in bone level or the architecture of inefficient bone defect(111). CBCT provides an accurate measurement of intrabony defects, by which doctors are able to assess the amount of rupture, valve defects, and periodontal cyst(112-114). While CBCT and 2D radiography are compatible with revealing interproximal defects, it is only the 3D images, such as CBCT, that are able to illustrate the buccal and lingual defects(115). To obtain the details of morphologic of bone features, CBCT is used with precision as the direct measurement with a periodontal probe(110, 111). Moreover, CBCT could be utilized to express the performance derived from periodontal defects and enable the doctors to assess the results of post-periodontal surgeries(115). Application in forensic dentistry Age estimation is one of the significant aspects of forensic dentistry. In this process, is it vital for doctors to be capable of estimating the age of every person in a legal system (including those who have passed away). This is one of the specific cases in Europe and as Yang et al. declared in 2006, â€Å"every year thousands of under-aged people flee over the all European countries with no formal ID card to find a shelter and protection. On top of this, most of the crimes are committed by people, who seem to be under-aged. In either case, it is necessary to determine the chronological age and fill them in documents, similar to those we have seen in Belgian that are under-aged and want to enjoy ethnic and social benefits.† The text of the present article was published for age estimation in line with the relationship between tooth change and age. The tooth enamel, beyond a natural cover, is extremely safe against such major alterations. However, as the age raise the pulp com plex (dentin, cementum, and pulp) illustrates the physiological and pathological changes(116). Usually, the extraction and section cut is required to identify morphological changes, which are not always observable. Nevertheless, CBCT is a non-aggressive alternative. Discussion Since late 1990s, when this method entered dentistry, CBCT scanners have shown substantial advances in medicine and maxillofacial imaging(117). This review article indicated that recent articles were conducted on CBCT, most of which were designated to clinical applications. Most of these articles are about oral and maxillofacial surgery, root treatment, dental implant, and orthodontics. CBCT has limited functionality in restorative dentistry, which is due to its higher radiation dose than 2D radiography and its incapability in providing additional diagnostic information. Moreover, these researches are mostly in the field of restorative dentistry for exploring various privileges of CBCT. Although this review did not assess any related articles to prosthetic applications of 3D scanners, yet the standard surveillances that were conducted in prosthetic treatment could be contingent to the use of CBCT with other dental specialties. For instance, dental implant prosthetic, maxillofacial prosthetic, and TMD evaluation are applicable, which in turn by unifying the resultant data of patients with treatment plan can increase the success of prosthetic treatment. CBCT images embrace issues with medical complications, especially in cases that several teeth and bone levels should be evaluated. New CBCT systems can be utilized in specific dentistry applications. They have higher resolution power, as well as lower exposure and cost in comparison to the prior existing systems. While CBCT has various advantages over 2D radiography, there are natural limitations to this technique that require more precise consideration in the selection of criteria and indices. For example, CBCT is sensitive to removable dentures (including removable dentures peculiar to CT technology) and stiffener bars around a compact object. Overall, CBCT has low contrast and limited strength in viewing internal soft tissues. Most modern CBCT units have flat panel detectors, which are mostly inclined to the bar of stiffening artifacts and are able to provide more information. However, due to the lack of compatibility between artifacts, CBCT is not capable of precise HU measurements; therefore the bone density measurement is not reliable. We believe it is vital to take the principle of â€Å"As Low As Reasonably Achievable†, (ALARA), into consideration. The belief should not be mistakenly interpreted as a reason to avoid the use of high dose CBCT units, which provide us with credible information. There is no tough protocol concerning when the technology must be used and every dentist, oral radiologist and neuroradiologist, must actively assess his/her operational protocols. Image resolution needs an extensive knowledge of anatomy in the fields, which are commonly the domain of dentistry and neuroradiology. Accurate knowledge and experience is required for the clarification of scanned data that determines why imaging is needed. Also the clarification of implicit findings is illustrated, which are explicit in the scan beyond the common scopes of dentistry, including disorders that can be observed in any adjacent area. The fact that CBCT promotes the specialized knowledge and improves the standards of dental care is something that dentists must define case by case. Such an evaluation calls for continuous training and education for dentists and scholars. The recent upsurge in the popularity of CBCT caused many units with low variation (sometimes important though) to be resulted in uncontrolled and unobserved report of the radiation amount. This unapproved report could be due to the limited technological knowledge of medical imaging apparatus in the new units. In response, the academy of European dentistry and maxillofacial radiography has established basic principles for dental applications of CBCT. Summary Based on what has been proposed in this article, most dental CBCT applications are for oral and maxillofacial surgery specialists, root treatment, dental implant, and orthodontics. CBCT test should not be taken unless it is necessary and do more good than harm. While using this method, the whole image dataset (which is a radiology report from a dental surgeon, neurologist, or a general radiologist familiar with the head and neck anatomy) should be assessed completely to maximize the resultant clinical data and make sure that every significant implicit finding were reported. Further researches should be concentrated on the resultant accurate data regarding doses of CBCT systems in which they comprise of a size detector and a background, limited from the scanned volume and sight. CBCT systems with larger background and less metal artifacts for orthodontic and orthognathic surgeries are not available yet. Further evaluations are required for better determination of CBCT applications in forensic dentistry. [1] Implant with less than 3 millimeter diameter

Honesty: Characters of Othello :: English Literature Essays

Honesty: Characters of Othello Honesty can be a way of life for many people. For some it can define all that they really are and for others it can define how they view all of their peers, friends, and family. But whichever way you cut it, honesty can affect you greatly and every solitary day. This idea was one of the most specific and open parts of the plot of William Shakespeare's Othello. In the play Shakespeare gives us brilliant insight as to what can happen as a result of believing and trusting in the honesty and words of others. Though they might seem sincere, he seems to say, everyone has their own agenda. The three characters: Iago, Desdemona, and Othello himself all seemed to view honesty and moral values in their own personal ways; some were deserving of trust, some not. "O, that's an honest fellow" seems to sum up the trust bestowed upon Iago in this novel, until the bitter, biter end that is. Such great thing were said of his honesty in this play, things like: "You advise me well. goodnight honest Iago" and "I know thou'rt full of love and honesty". Irony had been one of Shakespeare's dramatic affects, and this play lacked in absolutely no way. Iago as a person was "evil", conniving, and "wicked"; lacking the basic morals that most people of our time, and Shakespeare's, have always prided themselves in having. He himself was very untrusting, going to such lengths as suspecting his wife Emilia as being unfaithful. But where did all this dishonesty and trickery lead him? To an end that leaves the audience asking, "why?" When Othello, after murdering his ever faithful wife Desdemona, demands Iago give his reasons Iago declares he will take his reasons with him to the grave, and though we might all feel we have an idea as to his motives only one person has ever really known. Shakespeare himself, and he as well took the secret to the grave. Possibly the only honest explanation we'll ever have derives from the most infamous of all of Iago's lines: "When devils will the blackest sins put on, they do suggest at first with heavenly shows". Though the line still leaves an observer empty, without content as to his motives, it suggests that he had motives that were justified in his own eyes. To Iago, his perceptions were all that mattered really, and honesty was a thing to be twisted to his own desires.

Abnormal behavior Essay

There are many factors that affect and produce abnormal behavior. Its aspects vary largely depending different factors. Abnormal behavior has many varying classifications. According to the   DSM-IV, there are 5 types of Axis that classify abnormal behavior. Out of these five, there is much importance on the effect of situational factors that can range from simple or grave in nature, nonetheless, situational factors provide a huge effect on abnormal behavior. The DSM-IV provides categorical classification that segregates mental disorders into different kinds or types from a basis of sets of criteria that possess defining features. The five types are the following: Axis I – Clinical Syndrome, Axis II – Personality Disorder and Mental Retardation, Axis III – Physical Disorder, Axis IV – Psycho-social stressors and Environmental Problems, and lastly, Axis V – Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF). See more: Homeless satire essay Abnormal behavior represents different effects. The causes and stimulants for this abnormal behavior may vary very uniquely. But every abnormal behavior condition can be consequences of genetic predisposition, developmental factors that influence, patterns learned due to response from situations, impact of acute or chronic life experiences, defective assumptions, and adaptation to situations. Excluding the genetic predisposition, abnormal behavior largely revolve around factors of different situations that may have started or aggravated the said abnormal behavior. The once normal behavior of people can change due to a very life-changing situation. Examples of these are traumatic events or major disasters that occurred in one’s life. Such disorders or abnormality may greatly have been caused by these kinds of situations which resulted to the change of the normal behavior into abnormal.

Levendary Café Essays

Levendary Cafà © Essays Levendary Cafà © Paper Levendary Cafà © Paper Levendary cafe is a US-based fast food chain. Mia Foster is a CEO of Levendary cafe, who does not have international management experience. The Levendary cafe have their own concept and approach (delighting the customers) to obtain the US market. However, with the depression of domestic market, Levendary eyes the Chinese market to expansion. After one year of its expansion into the Chinese market, the staff has become concerned that company’s major problem of moving too far from the concept of Levendary store design and local menu, which is detrimental to build a positive brand image in China. There was a lack of strategic plan and inconsistency, Furthermore, different reporting and internal management structure is another problem CEO faced. Headquarter Managers including CEO and CFO want to solve the problem by changing the Chinese store design and menu, and hiring international financial analyst even though the financial report that is provided by Peter Steele(CFO) shows that Louis Chen (president of Levendary China) provided great achievements. Therefore, this proposal will give some strategies to deal with the problems of core concept, reporting and company structure that similar company will face, and will analyze these commercial problems with some theories. Recommendation and benefits There are several recommendations, which could be implemented for cross collaboration management and effective decision-making. 1. Strengthening research and cultural intelligence of the foreign markets 2. Establishing shared goals and documentation . Adjusting the organizational structure and management team Firstly, building cultural intelligence appears to be an ideal method to address the issues of different cultural backgrounds in the service-oriented business context. It not only helps to understand how people from different countries interact with stakeholders such as government agencies, partners, rivals and customers, but also how these cultural values affect customers purchasing decisions and their satisfactions. Tian, R Wang, C 2010) For instance, launching the business in China should have an in-depth knowledge about the importance of the personal relationship, called Guanxi, protecting the reputations and bureaucratic systems (Qin, C Zhang, C 2015). This would also result in positive effects in terms of adopting the restaurant concepts, involving the brand images, marketing programs, location choices, controlling cost structure and management styles as well. Second, understanding mutual goals can play a pivotal role in service-oriented businesses in overseas market by working with partners and managing a geographically dispersed team. This could overcome the miscommunication raised by the different language, conflicts, and cultural noises. To establish a common goal with partners, there are clear documentations for key performance indicators (KPI) and reporting systems. In order to compete for lower margin restaurant businesses, quick reaction based on the performance should help to keep the market share in China. Third, establishing a new functional department in China appears to be an ideal strategy to address the issue of decision-making. Such department should involve independent marketing, food development and operating functions, which may reduce the problem of the hierarchy of parent companies. Furthermore, this new department should build the team members by the experienced headquarters workers and new local workers. For this recommendation to be effective, this department should able to create decision-making protocols and assigning responsibilities. These would also result in positive effects in terms of commercial reasons, It can be seen that in Chinese revenue per customer is relatively lower than the US market. Increasing sales volume and saving the fixed costs appears to be an ideal strategy to address this issues based on the case study. Understanding of ethnic culture and business environment can help to encourage sales revenues in quick casual segments. Furthermore, creating shared goals and documentation could possibly minimize the administration costs and prevent the sunk cost related to marketing and pre-opening expenses. Establishing independent department should promote effective strategic decision making associated with brand images, exterior and interior design, which lead to increase in market shares and reputation of its business. Analysis When first entering new markets, MNEs may face a problem that corporate culture may clash with the local culture. This clash may result from various factors such as culture differences, and different wage levels, etc. In order to minimize clash, it is significant for MNEs to conduct market research and build cultural intelligence. According to Meyer (2015), the adaptation of a company’s culture often plays a key role in company’s success, and how corporate culture maintains depends on their products or competitors. Moreover, if employees fully adapt to corporate core culture, it may be difficult for them to deal with domestic suppliers and partners. In Levendary cafe’s case, Levendary cafe US is very proud of its tasty and high-quality foods as well as its restaurant designs. However, it is challenging for Levendary cafe’ to accepted by Chinese customers due to culture and wage levels difference. If Chinese branch VP Chen maintains all of foods and design from Levendary in the USA, he may fail in China because Chinese customers have different tastes and consumer views from Americans. Therefore, MNEs should focus on adapting their corporate cultures to domestic cultures carefully when they are entering new markets. Cultural variables affect the Cross-Communication process and Decision making the process by influencing a person’s perception or attitude, organizations, and their past versus future orientation. Therefore, understanding Hofstede’s and Trompenar’s cultural value dimensions of the host countries would help the headquarters manage across borders without culture shock In the Communication process, these cultural variables cause cultural noise, which means misinterpretation of the message from a sender to receiver or anything that undermines the communication of the intended meaning. Ethnocentric attitude is one of the sources of noise in cross culture communication (Deresky, 2017) In the Levendary cafe case study, Foster insisted hiring a financial analyst to manage China audit team and Chen refused to cooperate. In addition, when Foster raised concerns about Levendary’s reputation and image, Chen felt his hard work and efforts were not being appreciated. To avoid cultural noise, Foster should develop cultural sensitivity, show empathy, and have face- face communication Besides cultural differences, the headquarters should comply with the local law and government regulations regarding taxes and accounting system of the subsidiary country, which doesn’t apply to the US Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP). Therefore, to standardize the reporting structures and other financial procedures, a new division in the company with global team members should be created, specifically to oversee all the operations of the US controlled foreign subsidiaries, and henceforth streamline the communication between them, and evaluate the operation performances and strategy implementations in monthly or quarterly periods. Due to the lack of international management and expanding experience, Levendary cafe needs to recruit more local or foreign employees to build a new department for China market, because China is a potential market with its growing GDP. Furthermore, for improving the effectiveness of communication and increasing the efficiency, the headquarter could provide a separate path for Chinese managers to directly report to headquarter. Other established players like KFC, McDonalds are more standardized and successful in Asia though they haven’t made many changes to menus, Deny’s in Japan changed the entire menu catering towards local taste preferences but the levendary cafe in China changed both the menu and the look and feel of it depending on the location. Therefore, â€Å"Thinking Local and Acting Global† is a successful and mature strategy for quick service restaurant chain to develop foreign markets.

College Admission Essay †Outline and Structure

College Admission Essay – Outline and Structure Free Online Research Papers Writing an admission essay for college or university can be challenging for a number of reasons. Provided is a structure that helps to demonstrate a solid outline and flow for a four paragraph essay. Paragraph 1 (Introduction) I. Leading sentence: It took me eighteen years to realize what an extraordinary influence my mother has been on my life. II. Summary of main points: I not only came to love the excitement of learning simply for the sake of knowing something new, but I also came to understand the idea of giving back to the community in exchange for a new sense of life, love, and spirit. Paragraph 2 (First Supporting Point) I. Transition sentence: My mothers enthusiasm for learning is most apparent in travel. II. Supporting point: Her mothers enthusiasm for learning. III. Evidence: Learning through travel by using the example of a trip to Greece. Paragraph 3 (Second Supporting Point) I. Transition sentence: While I treasure the various worlds my mother has opened to me abroad, my life has been equally transformed by what she has shown me just two miles from my house. II. Supporting point: Her mothers dedication to the community. III. Evidence: Her multiple volunteer activities such as helping at the local soup kitchen. Paragraph 4 (Conclusion) I. Transition sentence: Everything that my mother has ever done has been overshadowed by the thought behind it. II. Reiteration of main points: She has enriched my life with her passion for learning, and changed it with her devotion to humanity. III. Taking it one step further: Next year, I will find a new home miles away. However, my mother will always be by my side. Research Papers on College Admission Essay - Outline and StructureMind TravelCapital PunishmentPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoTrailblazing by Eric AndersonEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeWhere Wild and West MeetThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseThe Effects of Illegal Immigration

Plato's _Meno_ discussion Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Plato's _Meno_ discussion - Dissertation Example The change in perspective of the Athenians can be related to the accusations made against Socrates. By telling Meno to convince Anytus, the Athenians’ view of Socrates can change. His intention was in line with the Apology that is to present his virtues. He brought up the issue on the meaning of the concept of virtue to present himself as a person who has the knowledge about virtue. Another is the manner by which virtue can be achieved and taught. Socrates concluded in the end of Meno that virtue is a gift from God to the virtuous, which means that the concept is there for everyone to acquire but only the virtuous people have the capability to use it. What then are the specific benefits of the dialogue regarding virtue? The discussion regarding virtue can be considered beneficial to Socrates because through the dialogue, he was able to present himself as a person who knows the meaning of the concept of virtue. In addition to his apology, he was able to present his real charact er, which can be considered as the reason why he challenged Meno on convincing Anytus for the benefit of the Athenians. The said discussion on the other hand is significant to the readers as a trigger towards a deeper view on the general concept of virtue, which is important since the meaning of the word itself is often overlooked.

Considering the Concept of Perfection at Systemic and Individual Essay - 5

Considering the Concept of Perfection at Systemic and Individual Levels - Essay Example The systemic level will present a clearer picture of the imperfection nature of the world. Further, a relationship will be created between perfection and how it narrows down to individuals respect. To achieve perfection, there is a need to have some reference. Perfection is a relative concept and as such, no one can claim it. To say that one is perfect is to say another is not. Individuals must always try to be above their current status. (Krishnamurti, 13) This is part of the nature of human needs. This is one of the main reasons why individuals cannot be perfect. The study will attempt to rely heavily on the works of Krishnamurti (1895-1986) Krishnamurti (9) notes that individuals have the ability to free themselves from the tyranny which is presented by the society. It is through these ways that he has studied imperfection. He notes that imperfection may be appreciated, cognizant to the fact that reality is an elusive and relative concept. People’s minds are clouded with perception, which impedes their ability to think and make logical decisions. (Krishnamurti 10) Mostly the receptor organs determine how individuals reason. These factors reflect whether what individuals say are perfects or are not. Since there is no accuracy in perception, individuals cannot be completely perfect in their quest. We surrender ourselves to authorities. When we get foolish enough to receive systems as presented to us, then we would be merely copying, imitating, conforming as well as accepting and therefore if we do not do that then we would be creating conflict between us and the authority. Krishnamurti (9) reveals that accuracy may only be achieved through the combination of senses and critical reasoning.

Research paper in business information management Essay

Research paper in business information management - Essay Example According to Armstrong (2008), the human resources are the most important ones that the company can have, without which it is impossible to run any business operations. Thus, the human resources are the human work force of an organization that is capable of running the business operations of the company and generate revenue. Human Resources Management (HRM) involves managing the organization’s workforce. It encompasses a wide range of activities involving recruitment of employees, providing with training, compensating for their job work, developing policies to protect and take care of their interest and creating strategies to retain the skilled employees (Barber, 2008). This suggests that managing the human resources involves a series of activities that eventually lead to the welfare of and self-development of the employees. This as a result leads to higher human capital for the organization, which in turn helps to improve overall productivity and efficiency of the organization. Thus, properly managing the human resources is imperative to the organizational success and sustainability. Over time, the function and responsibilities of the human resource department has evolved. Previously, the roles of the HR department (HRD) were to take care of the recruitment process, the employees’ payroll and maintain a steady work force. However, owing to the changing global business market environment, the job role of the HRD has expanded and evolved (Bondarouk, 2011). Now, apart from the recruitment process and managing payrolls, the HR managers also take care of the employee retention by improving their motivational level of the employees. This is mostly because, more than recruiting new employees, retaining the existing ones is quite important. Therefore, increasing their motivational level by offering a favourable working environment, an interesting job role and rewards will not only drive them to work harder but it will also make sure that they will not

Autonomy in Death Essay Example for Free

Autonomy in Death Essay Physician-assisted suicide is a controversial topic with only a few states having legalized it; however, many groups are advocating for its approval. Physician-assisted suicide has ethical limitations that only allow a doctor to prescribe, not administer, a lethal dose of medication for a patient who has been deemed terminally ill with less than six months to live by two physicians. The prescription allows the patient to choose both the timing and setting of death and the physicians only role is provision of medication. This gifts patients with autonomy in their death and relieves the doctor of any moral burden in participation with death keeping this action an ethical practice. Oregon was the first of few states to have legalized physician-assisted suicide but I would like to argue its potential advantages to the entire United States. Ball (2010) said, â€Å"In Oregon the one state in the U.S. where assisted suicide is legal – doctors are allowed to help only state residents who are expected to die within six months† (p.1). Giving terminally ill patients the power to choose a peaceful death demonstrates empathy toward the ill patients and their families. Terminally ill patients without this empowerment face the difficult choice of using limited resources to end their lives if not given the legal freedom to choose how and when they die. The Code of Ethics for Nurses provision 1.4 is the right to self-determination and it states that Respect for human dignity requires the recognition of specific patient rights, particularly, the right to self-determination. Self-determination, also known as autonomy, is the philosophical basis for informed consent in health care. Patients have the moral and legal right to determine what will be done with their own person; to be given accurate, complete, and understandable information in a manner that facilitates an informed judgment; to be assisted with weighing the benefits, burdens, and available options in their treatment; to accept, refuse, or terminate treatment without deceit, undue influence, duress, coercion, or penalty; and to be given necessary support throughout the decision-making and treat ment process. Such support would include the opportunity to make decisions with family and significant others and the provision of advice and support from knowledgeable nurses and other health professionals. Patient should be involved in planning their own health care to the extent they are able to choose to participate (American nurses association, 2001, p.148). Giving this added right to chose physician assisted suicide allows patients the autonomy described in the Nursing Code of Ethics. The purpose of this paper is to argue that physician-assisted suicide is ethical and beneficial because it allows for patient autonomy. â€Å"I would argue that by denying terminally ill people recourse to death with dignity via physician prescribed medication, they are inflicting their own brand of coercion and abuse. The concept of a merciful death needs to be part of this discussion. It is a sad commentary that our society responds to our pets terminal suffering more humanely than to our fellow human beings end-of-life struggles†(â€Å"Death is best approached†, 2012, p. 1). Many feel that denying patients the right to choose is not advocating for their best interest and is a form of abuse. We wouldnt leave our ill family pet alive to suffer so why wouldnt we consider letting our loved ones put themselves out of their misery in a peaceful way? The entire point is to give the public a choice. It would still be up to each individual to decide whether or not to exercise that right if their physician deemed their situation appropriate. The Code of Ethics for Nurses says that â€Å"Respect for human dignity requires the recognition of specific patient rights, particularly, the right of self-determination† (American nurses association, 2001, p.148). This statement implies that the patient should have the right to make end of life decisions on their own. When terminal patients are in pain and suffering, they may not have the strength or will to fight any longer. It is cruel to prolong a patients pain and suffering and deny their autonomy to make the decision of having a peaceful death. Also, it can be argued that when patients have their mind set on ending their lives, they tend to follow through on their own even if their physician cannot assist them. This may lead to a more traumatic death and a scene that can be quite traumatizing for the family member or friend who finds their loved ones remains. The alternative is a prescribed medicine that the patient may take home, choosing the preferred place to die, to allow the patient to die peacefully without sustaining disfiguring injuries thus allowing them a more dignified burial if the family chooses to view the body one last time. However, in most of the United States, physician-assisted suicide is still illegal so very few Americans are afforded the right to choose to end their life when they are terminally ill. Because physician assisted suicide was brought to the publics attention as an option by the unconventional tactics of Dr. Jack Kevorkian, the idea of legalizing this was tainted from the beginning, making many states hesitant to allow assisted suicide. Miller (2011) notes that â€Å"Jack Kevorkian rose to national prominence as Dr. Death, a physician who insisted that sometimes a doctors first duty to his patient was to help him die. The retired pathologist, who became an assisted suicide advocate claiming to have had a hand in 130 deaths in the 1990s, helped spark a national debate over euthanasia† (p. A5). Jack Kevorkians tactics were questionable because he publicized the deaths of elderly, disabled, and terminally-ill patients using inhaled carbon dioxide or using his self-made suicide mach ine. Although the patients had asked for Dr. Kevorkians assistance to end their suffering by assisting in their suicide, he received a lot of negative attention because he publicized his assistance in this process by encouraging CBS to broadcast a video of himself injecting a cocktail of lethal drugs into a patient suffering from Lou Gehrigs disease (Miller, 2011). After much backlash from the public over the fact that he actually injected patients with lethal drugs, he developed a suicide machine which allowed the patient to press a button that caused the machine to administer a mixture of sodium pentothal and potassium chloride which was first used on Janet Adkins, a 54 year old sufferer of Alzheimers disease (Miller, 2011). The last thing Janet Adkins said was, You just make my case known,' Dr. Kevorkian told the Associated Press† (Miller, 2011, p. A5). Although his tactics were extreme and caused a lot of public controversy, his patients wanted to end their suffering and his act ions caused others to advocate for ethical standards to be put into place for legal physician assisted suicide while at the same time completely turning others away from the concept of legalizing euthanasia. Dr. Goodwin, a general practitioner, said he began advocating for the right to help terminally ill people die after listening to his patients (Miller, 2012). They want autonomy at this time, to be allowed to die at home with the comfort and support of their families, Dr. Goodwin said in a 2001 interview (Miller, 2012, p. 1). Because of the extreme tactics used by Jack Kevorkian, who initiated the debate on legalizing euthanasia, many people view those who advocate for the clients right of physician assisted suicide as cruel or lacking in empathy for patient and families. However, â€Å"Peter Goodwin, a family physician who wrote and campaigned for Oregons right-to-die law in the 1990s, died after taking a cocktail of lethal drugs prescribed by his doctor, as allowed under the legislation he championed. Dr. Goodwin, 83 years old, had been diagnosed with a degenerative brain disorder similar to Parkinsons disease and had been given less than six months to live.†(Miller, 2012, p. 1). Dr. Goodwin believed in a patients autonomy in death so much that he chose to exercise his own rights in the same fashion in order to end his own suffering. In an interview with the Oregonian, the local newspaper in Oregon, Dr. Goodwin said that his health was deteriorating and he would soon end his life. â€Å"His family gathered to bid him farewell. The situation needs thought, it doesnt need hope, he said. Hope is too ephemeral at that time†(Miller, 2012, p. 1). This clearly articulates the feelings of a terminally ill man towards the importance of autonomy in concern of his own death. â€Å"End-of-life decisions are not arbitrary or impulsive. Why shouldnt a person choose to end his or her life with dignity if it is obvious that all options for leading any kind of meaningful life are non-existent? I would think any modicum of compassion would respect such a momentous, personal decision. Suffering, physical and mental, and the anguish it causes should produce empathy for t he patients wishes and desires, even if they run counter to our own sense of rectitude. It is not about us. Its about the patients right of autonomy. We need to understand that it is ultimately his or her decision to make, not ours†(Death is best approached, 2012, p. 1). In this statement, an unknown author expressed the utmost sympathy for those suffering from terminal illness. Physician assisted suicide is ethical as it demonstrates compassion and empathy towards someone elses pain, suffering, and rights. There is nothing cruel about autonomy over the decision to die. These kinds of laws need to be considered using a deep emotional understanding of the terminally ills feelings and problems. Other countries have legalized euthanasia and have less restrictive laws which allow them to provide services for foreigners. Because of this, if all United States citizens arent granted the autonomy they desire in their own country they will still be able to get the results they so desperately want but the outcome may be more painful to family members whose loved ones would end up dying in other countries and in less desirable conditio ns. Mr. Minelli, who is head of Dignitas, a Swiss company that provides euthanasia services only to foreigners, said that â€Å"a memory of his seriously ill grandmothers pleading in vain with her doctor to help her die left him with a particular interest in Switzerlands growing right-to-die movement, and he joined one of the main groups. In 1998, he quit to found Dignitas†(Ball, 2010, p. 2). In 2008, his neighbors complaints forced Dignitas out of his rented apartment that he had been using to conduct the assisted suicides and Zurich city officials refused permission for a new venue. In response to this Mr. Minelli organized suicides in cars, a hotel room, industrial sites, and his own home which drew the attention of local officials. Someone who is used to a five-star hotel cant come to Dignitas and expect the same, says Mr. Minelli†(Ball, 2010, p. 2). Is it really beneficial to force terminally ill patients into a foreign country to a harsh environment to grant them the freedom to end their own lives? If terminally ill patients really want a physician assisted suicide, they will find another setting in which they can achieve one but allowing patients to have one in their own country optimizes the setting and allows for more family support near the time of death. It also saves the family the trouble of getting the body of a loved one from a foreign country after t he time of death and allows the family to begin funeral arrangements sooner so that they can go through the stages of grieving that they need to in order to move forward with their own lives. This act of ending the life sooner also spares the family the pain of watching their loved one suffer longer than they want to. Another benefit to approving physician assisted suicide is that just know that the option is available can be therapeutic for terminal patients. â€Å"Mr. Minelli argues that making assisted suicide available removes a taboo around suicide, helping people who want to kill themselves open a dialogue and seek help. About 70% of people who get the green light from Dignitas for an assisted suicide never contact the group again, proving the palliative effect of knowing help is available, he says†(Ball, 2010, p. 2). This clearly proves that just knowing that euthanasia is an option is enough to help patients carry on with terminal illness. Even if a patient chooses never to exercise the right to a physician assisted suicide, the knowledge that they have an option for a way out of their suffering is comforting in itself. Craig Ewert was a retired university professor who suffered from Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) or Lou Gehrigs disease. He decided to end his life because he wanted to make this decision before he lost the ability to decide his own fate, overcoming the resistance of his doctors (Ball, 2010). When youre completely paralyzed and cant talk, how do you let someone know you are suffering? he told a television interviewer before his death in September 2006. This could be a complete and utter hell (Ball, 2010, p. 3). Mr and Mrs. Ewerts were from the U.K. but they traveled to Switzerland and chose Mr. Minellis group, Dignitas, because it accepts foreigners. Mrs. Ewert said that had she not been able to travel to get her husband the assisted suicide services that he desired she may have been forced to help her husband die and she worried that she wouldnt have known exactly what to do (Ball, 2010). She defended Mr. Minelli saying Sure, there have to be some protections for people, but I think were going way beyond what there needs to be, I admire Minelli for being willing to take the heat (Ball, 2010, p. 3). Because Craig Ewert was allowed to make his own decision to die, his wife was spared the pressure that he may have put on her to help him end his life. Furthermore, had he been denied the right to make his own decision and his wife Mary had been coerced to help him commit suicide, there would have been extreme emotional and possibly even legal consequences to her action despite the fact that it was her husbands wish. This is a situation that may Americans are also threatened with because physician assisted suicide is illegal in most of the country. All United States citizens should be afforded the right to choose a physician assisted suicide if they have been deemed terminally ill because this freedom shows compassion and empathy towards the patients suffering. If patients arent allowed to legally choose death here, they may travel to another country to receive services or chose to carry out suicide on their own. If patients chose to take matters into their own hands this would be harder on the patient as the death would probably not be as peaceful as the lethal injection that the physician would prescribe and if would also be harder on the patients loved ones. If patients decide to go to another country to achieve the death they desire they would lose the privilege of dying in their own comfort zone and the distance would make the death harder on the family to make funeral arrangements and move on with their own lives. The Code of Ethics for Nurses stated that â€Å"Respect not just for the specific decision but also for the patients method of decision-making is consistent with the principle of autonomy† (American nurses association, 2001, p.149). Regardless of whether or not we understand an individuals motivation for seeking a physician assisted suicide, nurses should support the autonomy that patients needs to make this choice on their own. Giving terminally ill patients autonomy in their death, by making physician assisted legal for every United States citizen, is only giving patients additional rights that they may or may not chose to exercise and is the most compassionate way to show empathy for those who are dying.

Important Of Sight For The Purpose Of Survival Biology Essay

Important Of Sight For The Purpose Of Survival Biology Essay The importance of sight has been one of the most taken for granted systems in the human body. Sight, like the other four senses, plays an important role in the survival of an individual. In primitive humans, a loss of vision would make predator avoidance and food gathering difficult. Hence, there is an evolutionary pressure to maintain vision even when the eye sustains injury. While the eye is highly developed, certain post trauma mechanisms have evolved in such a way that our visual axis will not be altered, which would normally lead to instant blindness. Damage done to any normal part of the body usually leads to some sort of immunological response, including inflammation caused by the lymphocytes. Due to the physiology of the ocular system of mammals, the cornea cannot sustain inflammation, which can lead to the changing of the visual axis, thus leading to blindness. In primitive man, blindness could potentially lead to the individuals death. In order to prevent this, certain immu nological responses are suppressed in the cornea, allowing vision to remain. Keratitis is the clinical diagnosis of inflammation of the cornea, which if left untreated, can lead to blindness of the patient. This paper will use the Darwinian Medical approach and the Adaptationist Program to discuss the implications of the suppressed immune response in development and treatment of keratitis and the various microbial and mechanical causes thereof. In order to understand topics covered in this paper, a basic explanation of structures of the eye, their functions, as well as mechanisms and associated pathogens must be explained. Keep in mind, what will be mentioned is a buildup all to save the visual axis. The main anatomical focuses of the eye for this paper are the cornea and the anterior chamber. Concluding this will be a brief description of Darwinian Medicine and the Adaptationist Program. The cornea has two main functions and is composed of five layers. It acts as a protective membrane for the eye. The five layers consist of the following, in order from anterior to posterior, an external stratified squamous epithelium, an anterior limiting membrane (Bowmans membrane, the basement membrane o the stratified epithelium), the stroma, a posterior limiting membrane (Descemets membrane, the basement membrane of the endothelium), and an inner simple squamous endothelium. 1. The main functions of the cornea are to act as a protective membrane as well as to be the transparent window that allows light to enter through the eye to the retina. This unique transparency is due to the uniformity of the cell structure, being devoid of blood vessels, and being in a constant state of dehydration. If the epithelium is damaged, there is only a temporary regional build up of watery fluids in the stroma. However, if trauma is severe enough to expose any corneal layer below the epithelium, the cornea then becomes susceptible to infection of a variety of pathogens. These include, but are not limited to the following: bacteria, fungus, amoeba, and herpes virus.2. Without medical intervention, the basic stages of corneal infections are as followed: trauma, entrance of pathogen, inflammation of the cornea, ulceration, loss of vision, and even possibly loss of the eye. Located between the endothelium of the cornea and the iris, is a fluid filled cavity called the anterior chamber. The anterior chamber of the eyeball is filled with thick liquid-like substance called the aqueous humor. Its primary function is to maintain a normal intraocular pressure as well as provide nutrition for the tissues with no veins attached to them. In the anterior chamber, specifically the aqueous humor, there is a presence of a wide variety of immunoglobulins, as well as a wide variety of immunosuppressive substances such as transforming-growth-factor- Ã‚ ¢ and macrophage-migration-inhibitory-factor. A theory deemed Anterior-chamber associated immune deviation will be discussed later in this paper alongside with ocular-immune privilege. 3. The Darwinian Medical approach looks at both proximate, biological causes, as well as the ultimate, evolutionary causes to explain a disease or an immune function such as a fever. Ultimate causes are usually more complex in their explanations, which include defense, infection, novel environment, genes, design compromise, and evolutionary legacy all of which are evolutionary driven by four forces: natural selection, mutation, gene flow, and genetic drift. Evolutionary causes of an excessive and uncontrolled defense mechanism can affect the risk of the disease. Other risk factors include losing the evolutionary arms race, the preservation of an allele that is harmful, and the result of evolutionary constraints. While keratitis is classified as an infliction, it is actually an immune response related to the infiltration of a pathogen in the cornea. As stated above, keratitis is the inflammation of the cornea. Symptoms include mild to sever pain in the eye, redness of the eye, opaque cornea, photosensitivity, and tearing. Clinical diagnosis of keratitis is done through examination using a slit lamp and proper illumination, Fluorescein stain to detect superficial corneal lesions, and laboratory examinations of corneal scrapings to detect pathogens. 2. Inflammation caused by pathogens is potentially harmful leading up to corneal ulceration, loss of the visual axis, and potentially blindness. The inflammation however is the lesser of two evils, for without having this immune response, the sight of the infected would be doomed to blindness. While this is true, an eyes last-ditch effort to remove the pathogen leads to over-inflammation and ulceration of the cornea. At that point, unless a corneal transplant is done alongside with medicine to kill the pathogen, the eye has given up and the host goes blind. To regulate inflammation and prevent ulceration, it has been hypothesized that there is design compromise called ocular immune privilege in the eye that regulates inflammation up to a certain point. This will be discussed later. The epidemiological qualities of keratitis fluctuate etiologically as well as geographically. Keratitis has risen in both developing countries as well as modernized countries, afflicting people worldwide with no restrictions based on economic status. Thousands of patients each year are diagnosed with some form of pathogenic keratitis, having each pathogen found in particular environments found worldwide. Anyone involved in agriculture is usually at risk for fungal keratitis. Anyone wearing contacts are at an even higher risk for not only fungal keratitis, but also bacterial and amoeba induced keratitis. However, anyone who has any sort of ocular trauma led to lesions in the cornea is susceptible to any form of microbial keratitis. 2. The evolutionary legacy of ocular immune privilege is the result of evolutionary constraints and design compromises. In order to preserve the function of the eye, inflammation is regulated by the hosts adaptive immunity, specifically called ocular immune privilege. Immune privilege has been recognized in only three organs; the testes and ovaries, the brain, and the eye. 5. Coincidentally, these are some of the most important organs in the body related to survival and spreading of ones genome. Adaptive immunity is compromised of lymphocytes that throughout life generate unique receptor molecules that recognize with extraordinary specificity molecules expressed by invading pathogens. 3. (pg 11). It is important to understand this concept to elucidate the mechanisms of ocular immune privilege and ACAID. Ocular Immune privilege was first described about 130 years ago. However, its importance was not recognized until the early 1940s by P.B. Medawar and his colleagues. During the 1970s, it was discovered that ocular immune privilege was caused by anatomical, physiological, and immunoregulatory processes, which prevent the introduction and expression of immune-mediated inflammation. Many ophthalmological researchers agree that ocular immune privilege is an adaptation for reducing immune-mediated injury to ocular cells that have limited or no capacity for regeneration.6. The three major mechanisms of ocular immune privilege are as followed: (1) there are anatomical, cellular, and molecular barriers in the eye; (2) eye-derived immunological tolerance (ACAID); and (3) immune suppressive microenvironment in the eye. 5. Anterior chamber-associated immune deviation, or ACAID, is directly related to the ocular immune privilege theory. ACAID is characterized by impaired antigen-specific delayed -type hypersensitivity and reduced production of complement fixing antibodies. 3. It is an observable fact that allows the antibody response but not the cellular responses mentioned above. 5. The discovery happened when there was a prolonged survival of genetically different transplanted tissue survived in the anterior chamber of the eye. The failure of the immune system to bring forth an immunological response composes the characteristics of immune privilege. This is the reason why corneal transplants are one of the most successful, and least rejected tissue transplant clinically practices. Most tissue transplants are rejected due to inflammation however, the cornea has a weaker immune response caused by low antigenicity, the difference between corneal versus other tissue grafts. 7. The mechanisms of ACAID involve both the eye and the spleen. Transforming Growth factor TGF- Ã‚ ¢2 and thrombospondind TSP-1 located in the anterior chamber are involved in the initiation of mediation of ACAID. Through this, there is an attraction of regionally located natural killer T cells, which bind to CDQd molecules to present the antigens. When these cells come in contact with marginal zone B cells, clusters are formed which then differentiate into ACAID-inducing regulatory T cells. 5. A recent discovery made by Molly E. Skelsy and colleagues, concluded that  Ã‚ Ã‚ ¤ T cells are needed for ocular immune privilege and corneal graft survival. The study used mice treated with anti- Ã‚ Ã‚ ¤ Ab failed to develop ACAID concluding the injection of spleen cells. It was concluded that these T cells were required for the creation of regulatory T cells. By blocking the creation of  Ã‚ Ã‚ ¤ T cells, Skelsey showed that there was a profound increase in corneal transplant reje ctions. 8. Another recent discovery was that thymocytes, cells created by thymus that generate into T lymphocytes, are also necessary for the induction of ACAID. Thus the sustainment of immune privilege in the eye is done through the mutual aid of various cells from organs other than the eye itself. 5. The adaptive immunity is expressed in the form of humoral immunity mediated by antibodies produced by B lympocytes, and in the form of cellular immunity mediated by T lymphocytes. 3. (pg 15) Clearly, ocular immune privilege isnt something that just arose out of nowhere. It has been an evolutionary legacy, because whatever beneficial implications it had, leading up to ACAID, must have been immediately beneficial for it to exist throughout the evolution of many mammals such as humans and even mice. In 2008, Xiaoyong Yuan and colleagues did a study to compare the gene expression patterns in uninfected and fungus-infected mouse corneas at the onset of Candida albicans fungal keratitis. Candida ablican related corneal infections cause an inflammatory response, which has been known to permanently impair vision in half of all eyes affected, including those with therapy. Infected eyes were observed and corneal transcriptomes were categorized to suggest pathways contributing to corneal inflammation during Candida related keratitis. Through the use of gene microarray, the hosts gene expression during the early stages of this keratitis was also observed in mouse models. RNA isolated from the corneas one day after inoculation were used for reverse transcription of the RNA which would then be used in a quantitative real-time RT-PCR to multiply the amount of DNA created. Gene expression levels were calculated for both the experimental group and the control group. When comparing the two groups, a total of 45,102 genes were detected. Of those genes, 3,977, roughly 8.82% of the infected corneas were significantly regulated. Of those genes, 1987 were upregulated and 1,990 were down-regulated. A total of 3.71% were differentially expressed, 1,075 being upregulated and the other 597 being down-regulated. Specifically, there were 30 different genes being upreglated more than 100 fold. These genes were categorized as chemokines, metalloproteinases, interleukin cytokines, leukocyte chemotaxis and surface molecules, Ig recept ors, Neuro-hormone mediatiors and many others. Simply stated, these gene expressions suggest that microbial keratitis involves the synchrony of various host processes that affect inflammatory and immune responses, intercellular communication, and cellular metabolism in other words, ocular immune privilege and ACAID. 9. Keratitis is a microbial infliction occurring globally. Bacteria, parasites, virus, and fungus cause the four main microbial causes for infection. These microbes are currently winning the at arms race due to an increased virulence and re-infection after treatment. At the same time, because there have been changes in mans history, various novel environments have been associated with the etiology of all these infections. Looking at a study in a referral centre in South India from September 1999 through August 2002, MJ Bharathi and colleagues observed and calculated the statistics of keratitis in that referral centre. Of 3183 corneal scrapings evaluated, 1095(34.4%) were fungal related, 1043(32.77%) were bacterial related, 33(1.04%) were acanthamoeba related and 76(2.39) were both bacterial and fungal related. Of the 1043 bacterial related infections, the predominant isolated bacteria were Streptococcus. Males were 56.76% of cases and females were 43.24%, thus showing that sex doesnt af fect the infiltration rate. In the study, 60.2% patients were over the age of 50 were affected significantly more than patients under the age of 50. Roughly 16.97% of corneal injuries were due to soil/sand, compared to the 11.03% caused by other materials, showing a statistical significance between the two. Seasons also affected the rate of infections showing a lower incidence of bacterial keratitis from the months of June to September. 10. The epidemiology of bacterial keratitis varies based on geography. One could acquire keratitis from numerous gram-positive or gram-negative bacteria, such as Serratia, Pseudomonas, and Staphylococcus. Once the bacteria has touched base with the cornea, it colonizes the hosts cells by using adhesins at the surface of the epithelium. The adherence of these three bacteria to the corneal epithelium is significantly higher than any other bacteria, which explains their high frequency of isolation. Several bacteria have also displayed adhesins on pili and nonfimbriae structures to recognize carbohydrates on host cells. Recently, there have been emerging cases of resistance among pathogens, requiring the emersion of a stronger antibacterial to eradicate it. 11. The advent of contact lenses has created a novel environment for the infiltration of many bacterial pathogens. In the United States, there are approximately 25,000 cases of infectious keratitis annually. There are roughly 2-4 infections per 10,000 soft contact lenses users, and 10-20 infections per 10,000 extended-wear contact lenses users. 14. A study done by T. Bourcier and colleagues has identified predisposing factors of bacterial keratitis. After analyzing 300 cases, contacts were the main risk factor, occurring in 50.3% of the study group, with 83% of bacteria being gram positive, and 17% being gram negative. 12. Another study of a case report done by Konstantinos Tsaousis and colleagues concluded that the incidence of bacterial keratitis can be reduced by maintaining high standards of lens hygiene and following the recommended guidelines to safely wearing contacts. 13. In the past, fungal keratitis has been a major ophthalmological problem in the tropical regions of the world. 16. Of all of the fungus related to keratitis, there are two classifications of infiltrates yeast and filamentous fungi. The three main isolates of fungus in fungal keratitis are Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Candida. While the most common of isolate reported has been Aspergillus, ranging from 27-64%, Fusarium comes to a close second (6-32%). Like bacterial keratitis, contact lenses wearers are at a higher risk of fungal infection. In recent news, on March 8, 2006, the CDC began an investigation of the use of Bausch Lomb ReNu contact lens solution. The solution had been related to a series of 130 confirmed cases of Fusarium Keratitis, which resulted in 37 corneal transplant surgeries. Most fungal related incidences however are usually related to agriculture. Since fungus are found in soil and on plants, the probability of infection after ocular trauma increases if one is tendi ng to their crops. Once the fungus accesses the corneal stroma, they multiply and cause tissue necrosis leading to the onset of keratitis and the loss of stromal opacity. 15. Acanthamoeba related keratitis is usually derived from standing water or mud, with an increased risk in contact users. Incidence per million contact lens users includes 333 in Hong Kong, 1 in USA and 149 in Scotland 14. The abnormally high incidence in Scotland is due to the fact that there are many water towers, holding standing water, a novel environment for the acanthamoeba. Survival in the wild is not only based on ones ability to escape a predator, but also ones ability to detect the predator. The up keeping the visual axis is one of the most important abilities of the eyes immune abilities for without sight, many mammals would be at disadvantage. Keratitis, the inflammation of the cornea, has probably been around since the dawn of man, and more specifically, the dawn of agriculture. If injury to the eye were to be sustained, the cornea would become inflamed. Normally, corneal cellular layers would be impaired, leading to a loss of the visual axis. However, it has been observed that there is a key mechanism that has developed over time in order to save ones sight. There is an ocular immune privilege, considered to be an evolutionary legacy as well as a design compromise, in the anterior chamber of the eye, which limits certain immune functions to prevent the loss of vision. The microbial pathogens cause these infections ranges from bacterial, to funga l, viral, and amoebic have been detected around the world, causing countless keratitis infections. Novel environments, such as contact lenses, have created the perfect environment for these pathogens to culture on especially if proper care protocols havent been taken. While most of these infections are treatable, in the long term, the microbes are winning the at arms race. With increase resistance to anti-bacterials/fungals, pathogens will only become more virulent. From an epidemiological standpoint, microbial keratitis poses a serious threat for future infected patients, occurring world-wide. Mescher, Anthony L. PhD. (2010). Junqueiras Basic Histology: Text Atlas, 12e. In accessmedicine. Retrieved 10/1/10, from http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=6183284searchStr=cornea#6183284. Biswell, Roderick MD. (2008). Vaughan Asburys General Ophthalmology, 17e. In accessmedicine. Retrieved 10/1/10, from http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=3090961searchStr=cornea#3090961. Streilein, J.W. et al, 1999: Immune Response and the Eye. Karger, Switzerland Nesse, R. M. and Williams, G.C. 1994: p.x, Why We Get Sick. The New Science of Darwinian Medicine, Vintage, New York Junko Hori. (July 16, 2008). Mechanisms of immune privilege in the anterior segment of the eye: what we learn from corneal transplantation. In PubMed Central Journal List. Retrieved 10/1/10, from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2802514/?tool=pubmed. Niederkorn, Jerry Y. PhD, Streilein, Joan. PhD. (January 2010). History and Physiology of Immune Privilege. In Informa healthcare. Retrieved 10/1/10, from http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/09273940903564766. Junko Hori, MD, PhD1, Vega, Jose L. MD, PhD2, Sharmila Masli, PhD3. (October 2010). Review of Ocular Immune Privilege in the Year 2010: Modifying the Immune Privilege of the Eye. In Informa healthcare. Retrieved 10/1/10, from http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/09273948.2010.512696. Skelsey, Molly E., Mellon, Jessamee., Niederkorn, Jerry Y. . (2001). {{gamma}}{{delta}}T Cells Are Needed for Ocular Immune Privilege and Corneal Graft Survival. In The Journal of Immunology. Retrieved 10/1/10, from http://www.jimmunol.org/cgi/reprint/166/7/4327. Xiaoyong Yuan, Mitchell, Bradley M., and Wilhelmus, Kirk R. (September 18, 2008). Gene profiling and signaling pathways of Candida albicans keratitis. In PubMed Central Journal List. Retrieved 10/1/10, from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2562425/. Bharathi MJ, Ramakrishnan R, Vasu S, Meenakshi R, Shivkumar C, Palaniappan R. Epidemiology of bacterial keratitis in a referral centre in South India. Indian J Med Microbiol 2003;21:239-45 OBrien, T P . (February 2003). Management of bacterial keratitis: beyond exorcism towards consideration of organism and host factors. In Cambridge Ophthalmological Symposium. Retrieved 10/1/10, from http://www.nature.com/eye/journal/v17/n8/full/6700635a.html. Bourcier T, Thomas F, Borderie V, Chaumeil C, Laroche L . (January 10, 2003). Bacterial keratitis: predisposing factors, clinical and microbiological review of 300 cases. In PubMed Central Journal List. Retrieved 10/1/10, from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1771775/?tool=pubmed. Tsaousis K.T., Sakkias G., Kozeis N., Tahiaos P. . (July 19, 2010). A Management Dilemma: Infectious Keratitis Associated with Soft Contact Lens Use and Dubious Treatment Compliance. In PubMed Central Journal List. Retrieved 10/1/10, from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2935133/?tool=pubmed. Trevor John Mills, MD, MPH. (December 2, 2009). Corneal Ulceration and Ulcerative Keratitis. In Emedicine from WebMD. Retrieved 10/1/10, from http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/798100-overview. Daljit Singh, MBBS, MS, DSc. (June 12, 2008). Keratitis, Fungal. In Emedicine from WebMD. Retrieved 10/1/10, from http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1194167-overview. Gopinathan, Usha Ph.D et al . (August 2002). The Epidemiological Features and Laboratory Results of Fungal Keratitis: A 10-Year Review at a Referral Eye Care Center in South India. In Cornea, The Journal of Cornea and External Disease. Retrieved 10/1/10, from http://journals.lww.com/corneajrnl/Abstract/2002/08000/The_Epidemiological_Features_and_Laboratory.4.aspx.